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| c. 1850 |
| | | The Scottish missionary David Livingstone is profoundly shocked by what he sees of the slave trade at the heart of Africa | |
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| 1855 |
| | | An Ethiopian baron usurps the throne and proclaims himself emperor, as Theodore II | |
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| 1862 |
| | | Speke and Grant find the Ripon Falls, over which the headwater of the Nile flows from Lake Tanganyika | |
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| 1869 |
| | | British explorer Samuel Baker annexes the southern Sudan, or Equatoria, on behalf of the khedive of Egypt | |
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| 1873 |
| | | The British consul in Zanzibar persuades the sultan to end the island's notorious slave trade | |
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| 1874 |
| | | Stanley sets off from Bagamoyo, intending to resume the exploration of central Africa where Livingstone left off | |
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| 1876 |
| | | Stanley passes Nyangwe on the Lualaba, the furthest point down the Congo river system reached by Livingstone | |
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| 1877 |
| | | Stanley completes his exploration of the Congo, reaching the Atlantic coast at Boma after a three-year journey | |
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| 1880 |
| | | French explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza forestalls Stanley in opening up the Congo, reaching Stanley Pool ahead of him | |
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| 1881 |
| | | Stanley finds Brazza's French tricolor already flying on the north bank of the Congo, on the site of what later becomes Brazzaville | |
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